The Rapid Prototyping Resource Center

	Rapid Prototyping Resources
	Books, Periodicals, Journals, and Conferences
	Rapid Prototyping Paper Bibliography

	Return to Jan Helge Bøhn
	Return to Rapid Prototyping Laboratory
	Return to Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech

Visitor:
Revised: November 30, 1998
Maintained by: Jan Helge Bøhn
Location: http://cadserv.cadlab.vt.edu/bohn/RP.html

Rapid Prototyping Resources

1. HARDWARE SYSTEM VENDORS
   1. Stratasys: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
   2. 3D Systems: Stereolithography (SLA), Multi Jet Modeler (MJM)
   3. Sanders: Model Maker 3D Plotting System
   4. Helisys: Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
   5. DTM: Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
   6. Cubital: Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
   7. BPM Technology: Ballistic Particle Manufacturing (BPM) --> no longer in business
   8. Schroff: JP System 5
   9. Aaroflex: Stereolithography (SLA)
   10. Zcorp: 3D printing (3DP)

   1997 market shares (units sold, 1,057 total):

   1. 26% - 3D Systems (SLA)
   2. 25% - Stratasys (FDM)
   3. 14% - Sanders
   4. 35% - others

   Source: Wohlers Associates, State of the industry, 3/98.

   1996 market shares (units sold, 791 total):

   1. 33% - Stratasys (FDM)
   2. 22% - 3D Systems (SLA)
   3. 8% - Sanders
   4. 37% - others

   Source: Wohlers Associates, State of the industry, 4/97; and others.

   1995 market shares (units sold, 522 total):

   1. 31% - 3D Systems (SLA)
   2. 30% - Stratasys (FDM)
   3. 17% - Helisys (LOM)
   4. 22% - others

   Source: Wohlers Associates, State of the industry, 4/96.

   1988-1996 World Wide Unit Sales

   Rapid Prototyping Company Stock Charts - updated daily

2. HARDWARE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
   1. CMU: Manufacture by Deposition, Repeated (MD*) --> SDM
   2. Formus: Topographic Shell Fabrication (TSF)
   3. MIT: Three Dimensional Printing (3DP)
   4. RPI: Freeform Powder Modeling (FPM)
   5. Sandia: Direct fabrication with metals & ceramics
   6. Stanford: Shape Deposition Modelling (SDM)
   7. U.Texas: Solid Freeform Fabrication (SLS & Gas Phase Deposition)
   8. U.Utah: Automatic sheet cutting, manual stacking
3. MATERIALS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
   1. U.Dayton: ceramics (LOM) / polymers (SLA)
   2. U.Michigan: ceramics (SLA)
   3. Rutgers: ceramics (FDM)
   4. Virginia Tech: fiber composites (FDM), soft elastomers (FDM)
4. APPLICATIONS
   1. Anatomics: Biomodeling and medical applications using SLA
   2. Computer-Aided Rapid Mechanical Prototyping (Artistic)
   3. Manufacturing Chromosomes And Viruses: A New Application Area For RPT?
   4. Materialise: Medical RP software
   5. Stanford: 3D fax machine
5. RESEARCH & SERVICES
   1. Virginia Tech: Rapid Prototyping Laboratory
   2. Clemson: Product Realization Laboratory
   3. Georgia Tech: Rapid Prototyping Manufacturing Institute
   4. U.Michigan: CAD/CAM Laboratory
   5. U.Nottingham: Centre for Rapid Prototyping in Manufacturing
   6. GE's RPTEC: Rapid Prototyping, Tooling, and Evaluation Center
   7. MTIAC: Manufacturing Technology Information Analysis Center
   8. U.Dayton: The Ohio Rapid Prototyping Consortium (ORPC)
6. SERVICE BUREAUS
   1. Accelerated Technologies: SLA, SLS
   2. Arrk Creative Network Corporation: SLA, CNC
   3. C.ideas: FDM
   4. Clinkenbeard: FDM, LOM, CNC
   5. Compression: SLA, FDM, SLS, CNC
   6. Conceptual Reality: SLA, FDM, SLS, CNC
   7. Consul-Pak: SLA, FDM, SLS, SGC
   8. Entec: SLA
   9. Factotum: SLA
   10. Metropolis: SLA
   11. nCore: SLA, SLS
   12. Innova: SLA
   13. Peridot: FDM, LOM
   14. Plynetics: SLA, SLS, CNC
   15. PML: LOM
   16. Precision Technologies: SLA
   17. Rapid Prototyping, Inc.: FDM
   18. Rapid Engineering & Manufacturing (REM): outsourced -- SLA, SLS, LOM, FDM
   19. Scicon Technologies: SLA
   20. Solid Concepts: SLA, CNC
   21. Solid Design & Analysis: SLA
   22. TECH: SLA
7. FILE FORMATS
   1. STL
   2. STH
   3. RPI: (Acrobat .pdf: 112 Kb) (Macintosh PostScript: 1.2 Mb)
   4. SLC: layer contours (FDM version)
   5. CLI: Common Layer Interface, Version 2.0
8. OTHER OVERVIEWS
   1. Alberta, Canada
   2. Delft University of Technology, Holland
   3. Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
   4. JTEC/WTEC:
      Workshop on Rapid Prototyping in Europe and Japan, March 7, 1996
      -> Panel presentations
      -> Volume I & II: Analytic Chapters, Site Reports
   5. KTH, Sweden
   6. University of Hong Kong
   7. University of Stuttgart, Germany
   8. WWW Virtual Library: Rapid Prototyping
   9. Yahoo: Science:Engineering:Mechanical Engineering: Manufacturing: Rapid Prototyping: Institutes
9. COURSES ON RAPID PROTOTYPING
   1. Virginia Tech: ME 4644 Introduction to Rapid Prototyping
   2. Milwaukee School of Engineering: ME 444 Modern Rapid Prototyping Fundamentals
   3. Milwaukee School of Engineering: ME 445 Modern Rapid Prototyping Design Applications
   4. Cal Tech: Short courses
   5. Georgia Tech: Short course ( October 6 - 8, 1998 )
   6. UCLA: Short course ( May 5-7, 1997 )
10. CONSULTANTS
    1. CAD Design Advantage: CAD consultants with service bureau connections
    2. Marshall Burns: Ennex Fabrication Technologies, Los Angeles, CA, USA
    3. ModelShop Development: Technical training & facility development
    4. NASA: Marshall Space Flight Center (RP consulting since 1990)
    5. Terry Wohlers: Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins, CO, USA
11. E-MAIL LISTS, .STL FTP SITES
    1. rp-ml mailing list archive
    2. Medical-RP mailing list archive
    3. Georgia Tech: .STL FTP site
12. OTHER...
    1. Actify: inexpensive .STL viewer
    2. Aracor: CT reverse engineering
    3. DeskProto: CNC software for .STL data
    4. Harrington: secondaries & tooling
    5. KAEMaRT Group: direct slicing simulation with ACIS
    6. Michael Rees: sculptor
    7. Millenion: .STL visualization software

Books, Periodicals, Journals, and Conferences

Books

1. Marshall Burns, Automated Fabrication: Improving Productivity in Manufacturing, Prentice Hall, 1993, ISBN 0-13-119462-3.
2. Jerome L. Johnson, Principles of Computer Automated Fabrication, Palatino Press, Inc., 1994, ISBN 0-9618005-3-4.
3. Lamont Wood, Rapid Automated Prototyping: An Introduction, Industrial Press, 1993, ISBN 0-8311-3047-4.
4. Paul F. Jacobs, Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing: Fundamentals of Stereolithography, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1992, ISBN ???.
5. Larry Binstock, Rapid Prototyping Systems: Fast Track to Product Realization, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1994, ISBN 0-87263-454-X.
6. Detlef Kochan, Solid Freeform Manufacturing, Elsevier Science Publisher B.V, 1993, ISBN 0-444-89652-X.
7. Paul F. Jacobs, Stereolithography and Other RP&M Technologies: From Rapid Prototyping to Rapid Tooling, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 1995, ISBN 0-87263-467-1.
8. Chua Chee Kai and Leong Kah Fai, Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications in Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998, ISBN 0-471-19004-7.

Periodicals & Journals

1. Rapid Prototyping (quarterly)
   The Rapid Prototyping Association of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers
   SME, Editorial and Business Office, One SME Drive, P.O. Box 930, Dearborn, MI 48121, USA
   Tel: +1-313-271-1500
2. Rapid Prototyping Journal (quarterly)
   United Kingdom: MCB University Press Limited, 60/62 Toller Lane, Bradford, England BD8 9BY
   Tel: +44-1274-499821, Fax: +44-1274-547143
   United States: MCB University Press Limited, PO Box 10812, Birmingham, AL 35201-0812, USA
   Tel: 1-800-633-4931, Fax: +1-205-995-1588
3. Rapid Prototyping Report (monthly) ISSN: 1059-6399
   CAD/CAM Publishing, Inc., 841 Turquoise Street, Suites D & E, San Diego, CA 92109-1159, USA
   Tel: +1-619-488-0533, Fax: +1-619-488-6052

Conferences

1. 7th European Conference on Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing
   University of Nottingham, Aachen, Germany, July 7-9, 1998.

1. The 8th Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium
   The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, August 11-13, 1997.
2. 6th European Conference on Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing
   University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England, July 1-3, 1997.
3. Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing '97
   Society of Manufacturing Engineers and the Rapid Prototyping Association, Dearborn, MI, USA, April 22-24, 1997.
4. The 7th International Conference on Rapid Prototyping
   University of Dayton and Stanford University, San Francisco, CA, USA, March 31 - April 3, 1997.

Navigating the Rapid Prototyping Paper Bibliography

Physical Prototyping

• Stereo Lithography (SLA) (1)
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) (2)
• Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) (2)
• Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) (2)
• Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
• MD*
• 3D Printing (1)
• Freeform Powder Molding (FPM) (3)
• Other (5)

• Other (2)

• Fileformats (2)
• CAD model repair (6)
• CAD model slicing (11)
• Other (1)

Rapid Prototyping Paper Bibliography

Physical Prototyping

• Stereo Lithography (SLA)
  1. J.S. Ullett, J.W. Schultz, R.P. Chartoff, "Advanced High Temperature Resins for Stereolithography," International Conference on Rapid Prototyping, San Francisco, CA, March 1997.
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
  1. E.D. Dickens, G.A. Taylor, F.W. Kunig, A.J. Magistro, E.M. Weissman, and T.R. Hradek, "Method of Recovering Recyclable Unsintered Powder from the Part Bed of a Selective Laser-Sintering Machine," United States Patent 5,304,329, Filed: November 23, 1992, Issued: April 19, 1994.
  2. J.C. Nelson, S. Xue, J.W. Barlow, J.J. Beaman, H.L. Marcus, and D.L. Bourell, "Model of the Selective Laser Sintering of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 32, 1993, pp. 2305-2317.
• Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
  1. R. W. Gray IV, D. G. Baird, and J. H. Bøhn, "Effects of Processing Conditions on PP Systems Reinforced with TLCPs for Fused Deposition Modeling," Proc., 8th. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, The University of Texas at Austin, August 11-13, 1997, pp. 449-456.
  2. K. Elkins, C. Janak, H. Nordby, R. W. Gray IV, J. H. Bøhn, and D. G. Baird, "Soft Elastomers for Fused Deposition Modeling," Proc., 8th. Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, The University of Texas at Austin, August 11-13, 1997, pp. 441-448.
• Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
  1. D. Klosterman, R. Chartoff, A. Lightman, G. Graves, N. Osborne, "LOM of monolithic ceramics, ceramic matrix composites, and polymer matrix composites," (several conference papers available)
  2. D. Klosterman, R. Chartoff, A. Lightman, G. Graves, N. Osborne, "Freeform fabrication of Structural Ceramics and Ceramic Matrix Composites by Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM): Program Review," University of Dayton, December 1997.
• Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
• MD*
• 3D Printing
  1. E. Sachs, M. Cima, P. Williams, D. Brancazio, and J. Cornie, "Three Dimensional Printing: Rapid Tooling and Prototypes Directly from a CAD Model," Journal of Engineering for Industry, vol. 114, November 1992, pp. 481-488.
• Freeform Powder Molding (FPM)
  1. S.J. Rock and C.R. Gilman, W.Z. Misiolek, and D.F. Walczyk, "Freeform Powder Molding for Rapid Tooling," in: 1996 Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 1996. [Macintosh PostScript: 3.6 Mb] [PDF: 1,412,215 bytes]
  2. S.J. Rock and C.R. Gilman, "A New SFF Process for Functional Part Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing: Freeform Powder Molding," in: 1995 Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 1995. [Macintosh PostScript: 5.5 Mb] [PDF: 4,444,429 bytes]
  3. S.J. Rock and W.Z. Misiolek, "Distortion Control for P/M-Based Rapid Prototyping of Advanced Material Components," Proc., 1996 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, Metal Powder Industries Federation, (Washington, DC, USA), June 16-21, 1996. [Macintosh PostScript: 1.9 Mb] [PDF: 491,614 bytes]
• Other
  1. S. Ashley, "From CAD art to rapid metal tools," Mechanical Engineering, vol. 119, no. 3, March 1997, pp. 82-87.
  2. S. Ashley, "Rapid Prototyping is Coming of Age," Mechanical Engineering, vol. 117, no. 7, July 1995, pp. 62-68.
  3. S. Fitzgerald, "A Pneumatic Conveying Powder Delivery System For Continuously Heterogeneous Material Deposition In Solid Freeform Fabrication," M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA, July 1996.
  4. P. Hilton, "Making the Leap to Rapid Tool Making," Mechanical Engineering, vol. 117, no. 7, July 1995, pp. 75-76.
  5. A.C. Pil and H. Asada, "Recursive Experimental Structure Re-Design of a Robot Arm Using Rapid Prototyping," Proceedings, 1994 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 1094-1099.

Virtual Prototyping

• Other
  1. D. Deitz, "Real Engineering in a Virtual World," Mechanical Engineering, vol. 117, no. 7, July 1995, pp. 78-85.
  2. G. Lee, "Virtual Prototyping on Personal Computers," Mechanical Engineering, vol. 117, no. 7, July 1995, pp. 70-73.

Computer Aided Design for Rapid Prototyping

• Fileformats
  1. S. J. Rock and M. J. Wozny, "A Flexible File Format for Solid Freeform Fabrication," in: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H. L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 12-14, 1991, pp. 1-12. [Macintosh PostScript: 1.2 Mb] [PDF: 115,280 bytes]
  2. J. H. Bøhn, "File Format Requirements for the Rapid Prototyping Technologies of Tomorrow," International Conference on Manufacturing Automation, University of Hong Kong, April 28-30, 1997, vol. 2, pp. 878-883.
• CAD model repair
  1. J.H. Bøhn and M.J. Wozny, "Automatic CAD-Model Repair: Shell-Closure," in: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 3-5, 1992, pp. 86-94.
  2. J.H. Bøhn and M.J. Wozny, "A Topology-Based Approach for Shell-Closure," in: Geometric Modeling for Product Realization, P.R. Wilson et al. (eds.), North-Holland, 1993, pp. 297-319.
  3. J.H. Bøhn, Automatic CAD-Model Repair, Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA, August 1993.
  4. J.H. Bøhn, "Removing Zero-Volume Parts from CAD Models for Layered Manufacturing," IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, vol. 15, no. 6, November 1995, pp. 27-34.
  5. I. Mäkelä and A. Dolenc, "Some Efficient Procedures for Correcting Triangulated Models," in: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 9-11, 1993, pp. 126-134.
  6. X. Sheng and I.R. Meier, "Generating Topological Structures for Surface Models," IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, vol. 15, no. 6, November 1995, pp. 35-41.
• CAD model slicing
  1. A. Dolenc and I. Mäkelä, "Slicing procedures for layered manufacturing techniques," Computer-Aided Design, vol. 26, no. 2, February 1994, pp. 119-126.
  2. R. Jamieson and H. Hacker, "Direct slicing of CAD models for rapid prototyping," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 1, no. 2, 1995, pp. 4-12.
  3. C. F. Kirschman, C. C. Jara-Almonte, "A Parallel Slicing Algorithm for Solid Freeform Fabrication Processes," in: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 3-5, 1992, pp. 26-33.
  4. P. Kulkarni and D. Dutta, "Adaptive Slicing of Parametrizable Algebraic Surfaces for Layered Manufacturing," in: Advances in Design Automation, S. Azarm et al. (eds.), 1995 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences, DE-Vol. 82, Vol. 1, (Boston, MA, USA), September 17-21, 1995, pp. 211-217.
  5. P. Kulkarni and D. Dutta, "An accurate slicing procedure for Layered Manufacturing," Computer-Aided Design, vol. 28, no. 9, September 1996, pp. 683-697.
  6. S. J. Rock and M. J. Wozny, "Utilizing Topological Information to Increase Scan Vector Generation Efficiency," in: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 12-14, 1991, pp. 28-36. [Macintosh PostScript: 2.3 Mb] [PDF: 669,006 bytes]
  7. E. Sabourin, "Adaptive High-Precision Exterior, High-Speed Interior, layered Manufacturing," M.S. thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, February 1996.
  8. E. Sabourin, S. A. Houser, and J. H. Bøhn, "Adaptive Slicing Using Stepwise Uniform Refinement," Rapid Prototyping Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, 1996, pp. 20-26.
  9. E. Sabourin, S. A. Houser, and J. H. Bøhn, "Accurate Exterior, Fast Interior Layered Manufacturing," Rapid Prototyping Journal vol. 3, no. 2, 1997, pp. 44-52.
  10. E. Sabourin, S. A. Houser, and J. H. Bøhn, "Accurate Exterior, Fast Interior Layered Manufacturing," Proc., 6th European Conference on Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing, The University of Nottingham, England, July 1-3, 1997, pp. 105-117.
  11. Y. S. Suh, and M. J. Wozny, "Adaptive Slicing of Solid Freeform Fabrication Processes," in: Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H.L. Marcus et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 8-10, 1994, pp. 404-411.
• Other
  1. Stephen J. Rock and Michael J. Wozny, "Generating Topological Information from a 'Bucket of Facets'," in: 1992 Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings, H. L. Marcus, et al. (eds.), The University of Texas at Austin, (Austin, TX, USA), August 3-5, 1992, pp. 251-259. [Macintosh PostScript: 1.1 Mb] [PDF: 100,290 bytes]